Easy2Siksha.com
GNDU Question Paper-2024
B.A 5
th
Semester
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
[Local Government (With Special Reference to Punjab)|
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Write down the main features of 74th Constitutional Amendment in India.
2. Write a detailed note on history of Local Government in India.
SECTION-B
3. Explain functions of Municipal Commissioner.
4. What are the main features of Urban Local Government?
SECTION-C
5. Examine the main features of Panchayati Raj System in Punjab.
6. Write a detailed note on Panchayat Samitis. Explain its structure and functions.
Easy2Siksha.com
SECTION-D
7. Evaluate the State Control over Panchayati Raj Institution and Urban Local Government.
8. Explain the relation of Local Government Institution with District Administration.
GNDU Answer Paper-2024
B.A 5
th
Semester
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
[Local Government (With Special Reference to Punjab)|
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 100
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. Write down the main features of 74th Constitutional Amendment in India.
Ans: The Story of the 74th Constitutional Amendment
Imagine India in the late 20th century. The country had already traveled four decades on the
road of independence. Villages, under the 73rd Amendment, were empowered through
Panchayati Raj institutions. Rural India now had Gram Sabhas, elected leaders, and some
real voice in decision-making.
But what about the cities?
Cities were bursting at the seams. Think of Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, or Chennai—markets
were overflowing, traffic was rising, slums were spreading, and urban life was becoming
more complex. People from villages were moving into towns in search of work, and
suddenly, cities were turning into mini-countries themselves—diverse, vibrant, but also
chaotic.
Easy2Siksha.com
And yet, the system to run these cities was old, weak, and controlled from above. Municipal
bodies were often treated as mere “agencies” of the state government rather than
democratic institutions. Citizens had very little say in how their cities were managed.
It was at this point that the Indian government decided: “If villages can govern themselves,
why can’t cities?”
This idea gave birth to the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, which came into
force on 1st June 1993. It was a landmark step that sought to give constitutional status to
urban local bodies (ULBs) and ensure that democracy reached every corner of India—not
just the rural but also the urban.
Now, let’s unfold the main features of this amendment like chapters in a story.
1. The Big Idea: Constitutional Status to Urban Local Bodies
Before the 74th Amendment, municipalities were created by state laws. This meant state
governments could easily control, suspend, or even dissolve them. They were not seen as
real democratic institutions.
The amendment changed this completely. By inserting a new Part IX-A (Articles 243P to
243ZG) in the Constitution, it gave municipalities a firm constitutional status. This meant
cities could no longer be run like administrative afterthoughts—they were now
constitutionally recognized democratic spaces.
It was like telling the people of urban India: “Your voices matter too. Cities are not just
machines of growth; they are homes, communities, and democratic spaces.”
2. Types of Urban Local Bodies
Just as villages have different kinds of Panchayats, urban areas were given different
categories of local bodies based on their size and importance.
The amendment introduced three types of municipalities:
1. Nagar Panchayat – for a transitional area, moving from rural to urban. Think of a
small town that is no longer a village but not yet a big city.
2. Municipal Council (Municipality) – for a smaller urban area, like district towns.
3. Municipal Corporation – for larger urban areas, like big cities (Delhi, Mumbai,
Bengaluru).
This classification made sense: you can’t run a small town and a megacity in the same way.
Easy2Siksha.com
3. Composition: Who Sits in the Municipality?
The amendment said that all seats in a municipality must be filled by direct elections. This
gave people the right to directly choose their city representatives.
It also provided:
• Representation for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women (at
least one-third of the seats reserved for women).
• State legislatures could decide if members of Parliament (MPs) and State Assemblies
(MLAs) should also be part of the municipalities.
This way, cities could have councils that reflected the diversity of their people.
4. The Five-Year Cycle
Municipalities were given a fixed term of 5 years.
• If dissolved earlier, elections had to be held within 6 months.
• Even if a municipality was dissolved, it could not be kept in limbo for too long.
This was crucial. Before this, state governments often dissolved municipal bodies whenever
they wished. Now, urban democracy had more stability.
5. Wards Committees: Democracy at the Local Level
Large cities are often too big to be managed by one central municipal body. So, the
amendment introduced Ward Committees in cities with populations above 3 lakhs.
Think of a ward as a neighborhood. These committees were supposed to bring governance
closer to citizens by dealing with issues like garbage collection, streetlights, or local water
supply.
In a way, it was like breaking the city into smaller, manageable democratic units.
6. Reservation: Giving Voice to the Marginalized
One of the most powerful features of this amendment was reservation of seats:
• For SCs and STs in proportion to their population.
• At least one-third of all seats reserved for women (including SC/ST women).
Easy2Siksha.com
This was revolutionary. Imagine women who had been excluded from city politics suddenly
getting guaranteed space at the table. It encouraged active participation of marginalized
communities in shaping their cities.
7. State Election Commission: The Game Changer
Who will conduct these elections? Earlier, state governments used to control local body
elections, often delaying or manipulating them.
The amendment created a new institution: State Election Commission (SEC).
• Headed by a State Election Commissioner, appointed by the Governor.
• Responsible for conducting free and fair elections to municipalities (and Panchayats
too).
This ensured that city elections could not be postponed or hijacked by state politics.
8. State Finance Commission: Money Matters
Democracy is not just about elections—it’s also about resources. Without money,
municipalities would be like cars without fuel.
So, the amendment introduced State Finance Commissions (SFCs).
• Every 5 years, the SFC would review the financial position of municipalities.
• It would recommend how state revenues should be shared with local bodies.
This gave municipalities some hope of financial independence, though in practice, many still
struggle.
9. The 12th Schedule: A To-Do List for Municipalities
To clarify the role of municipalities, the amendment added a new 12th Schedule with 18
functions.
These included:
• Urban planning, land use, and building regulations.
• Water supply, sanitation, solid waste management.
• Public health, fire services, urban forestry, and environment protection.
• Slum improvement, poverty alleviation, and urban poverty programs.
• Provision of urban amenities like parks, gardens, playgrounds.
Easy2Siksha.com
In short, municipalities were now responsible for making cities livable.
10. District and Metropolitan Planning Committees
Urban development is not just about one city—it’s about the region around it.
So, the amendment provided for:
• District Planning Committees – for coordinating plans of both rural and urban areas
in a district.
• Metropolitan Planning Committees – for big metropolitan regions like Delhi NCR,
Mumbai, Kolkata, etc.
This was meant to ensure balanced and integrated development.
11. Protection of Municipalities
The amendment clearly said that municipalities cannot be arbitrarily dissolved. They are
constitutional bodies, and their elections must be conducted regularly.
This gave urban local governments a dignity they had never enjoyed before.
The Spirit of the Amendment
If we think of it not just as legal provisions but as a story, the 74th Amendment was about
bringing democracy to people’s doorsteps in cities. It was a recognition that:
• Cities are not just centers of business—they are homes of citizens.
• People must have a say in how their streets are cleaned, how their water is supplied,
how their housing is planned.
• Without local democracy, national democracy feels incomplete.
Criticism and Challenges
Of course, the story does not end with just passing a law. In practice, many challenges
remain:
• Municipalities often lack adequate funds.
• State governments still keep tight control over city affairs.
• Local leaders sometimes lack proper training or capacity.
Easy2Siksha.com
• Citizen participation is not as strong as expected.
Yet, despite these hurdles, the 74th Amendment gave cities a framework to build upon.
Conclusion
The 74th Constitutional Amendment of India was like planting a seed of democracy in the
heart of Indian cities. It recognized municipalities not as servants of state governments but
as mini-democracies in their own right.
It created structures—Nagar Panchayats, Municipal Councils, Corporations. It ensured
representation for women and marginalized communities. It set up independent election
commissions and finance commissions. It gave cities responsibilities through the 12th
Schedule.
Yes, challenges remain, but without this amendment, urban governance in India would still
be a neglected chapter. With it, the Constitution told every Indian living in a city: “You
matter, your voice matters, and your city is your responsibility.”
In the grand story of Indian democracy, the 74th Amendment is not just a law—it is a bridge
connecting the everyday struggles of urban citizens with the spirit of self-governance.
2. Write a detailed note on history of Local Government in India.
Ans: Local Government in Ancient India
• Village Republics: In ancient India, villages were often described as “little republics.”
They were largely self-sufficient, managing their own affairs.
• Sabhas and Samitis: In Vedic times, assemblies like the sabha and samiti played
important roles in decision-making. They discussed justice, defense, and welfare.
• South Indian Tradition: In South India, especially under the Cholas (9th–13th
centuries), village assemblies were highly organized. The Ur (assembly of common
people) and Sabha (assembly of Brahmins) managed land, irrigation, temples, and
education. Elections were even held by drawing lots from among eligible candidates.
• Features: These local bodies collected taxes, maintained order, and ensured welfare.
They were democratic in spirit, though limited to certain groups.
In short, ancient India had a strong tradition of local self-government, rooted in community
participation.
Local Government in Medieval India
Easy2Siksha.com
• Decline of Autonomy: During the medieval period, especially under the Delhi
Sultanate and the Mughals, the autonomy of village assemblies weakened.
• Centralized Rule: The rulers focused on revenue collection through officials like
zamindars and jagirdars.
• Village Panchayats: Still, village panchayats continued to function informally, settling
disputes and managing local affairs.
• Urban Administration: In towns, kotwals (police officials) looked after law and order,
while guilds managed trade.
Thus, while local institutions survived, they were overshadowed by centralized authority.
Local Government under British Rule
The British period marked a turning point. The colonial rulers introduced modern local
government, but their motives were often administrative convenience rather than genuine
democracy.
1. Early Experiments
• In 1687, the British set up a municipal corporation in Madras—the first of its kind in
India. Later, similar bodies were established in Bombay and Calcutta.
• These were mainly for urban administration, run by officials rather than elected
representatives.
2. Lord Ripon’s Resolution (1882)
• Known as the “Father of Local Self-Government in India,” Lord Ripon introduced
reforms in 1882.
• His resolution emphasized:
o Local boards with non-official members.
o Greater participation of Indians in administration.
o Decentralization of power.
• Though limited, this was the first real step towards democratic local government.
3. 20th Century Developments
• The Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) gave local
bodies more powers, especially in health, sanitation, and education.
• The Government of India Act, 1935 further strengthened provincial autonomy,
indirectly boosting local governance.
However, under the British, local government remained weak, underfunded, and controlled
by officials. It was more a tool of colonial administration than people’s empowerment.
Local Government in Independent India
Easy2Siksha.com
When India became independent in 1947, the leaders recognized the importance of local
self-government for democracy.
1. Constitutional Vision
• The framers of the Constitution included Article 40 in the Directive Principles of
State Policy, which directed the state to organize village panchayats as units of self-
government.
• However, initially, local government was left to the states, and progress was uneven.
2. Community Development Programme (1952)
• The government launched this programme to promote rural development through
local participation.
• But it soon became clear that without elected local bodies, the programme could not
succeed.
3. Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957)
• This committee recommended the establishment of the Panchayati Raj system.
• It suggested a three-tier structure:
o Gram Panchayat at the village level.
o Panchayat Samiti at the block level.
o Zila Parishad at the district level.
• Rajasthan became the first state to implement Panchayati Raj in 1959, followed by
Andhra Pradesh.
4. Ashok Mehta Committee (1977)
• Recommended a two-tier system (district and mandal panchayats).
• Suggested greater financial powers and involvement of political parties.
5. Other Committees
• G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985) and L.M. Singhvi Committee (1986) also stressed the
need for constitutional recognition of Panchayati Raj.
The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992)
The real breakthrough came in 1992, when local government was given constitutional
status.
1. 73rd Amendment (Rural Local Government)
• Added Part IX to the Constitution.
• Established a three-tier Panchayati Raj system:
o Gram Panchayat (village)
o Panchayat Samiti (block)
Easy2Siksha.com
o Zila Parishad (district)
• Provided for:
o Direct elections to all seats.
o Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women (at least
one-third).
o Five-year term.
o State Finance Commissions to ensure funds.
o Gram Sabha (village assembly) as the foundation of democracy.
2. 74th Amendment (Urban Local Government)
• Added Part IXA to the Constitution.
• Recognized municipalities as institutions of self-government.
• Created three types:
o Nagar Panchayat (for small towns)
o Municipal Council (for medium towns)
o Municipal Corporation (for large cities)
• Ensured elections, reservations, and financial powers similar to Panchayati Raj.
These amendments transformed local government into the “third tier” of Indian democracy,
alongside the Union and the States.
Achievements of Local Government
• Democratic Participation: Millions of people, including women and marginalized
groups, now participate in decision-making.
• Grassroots Development: Local bodies handle water supply, sanitation, roads,
schools, and health centers.
• Women’s Empowerment: Reservation has brought lakhs of women into politics,
changing social attitudes.
• Decentralization: Power is no longer concentrated only in Delhi or state capitals—it
reaches villages and towns.
Challenges
• Lack of funds and dependence on state governments.
• Interference by bureaucracy.
• Illiteracy and lack of awareness among citizens.
• Sometimes, local bodies are dominated by elites, reducing true participation.
Story Analogy
Think of Indian democracy as a great tree. The Union government is the trunk, the state
governments are the branches, but the roots—the part that actually touches the soil—are
the local governments. Without strong roots, the tree cannot survive. Panchayats and
municipalities are those roots, connecting democracy to the everyday lives of people.
Easy2Siksha.com
Conclusion
The history of local government in India is a journey from ancient village republics to
modern constitutional institutions.
• In ancient times, villages managed their own affairs with remarkable autonomy.
• Under the British, local bodies were introduced but kept weak.
• After independence, India experimented with community development and
committees, leading to the Panchayati Raj system.
• Finally, the 73rd and 74th Amendments gave local government a firm constitutional
foundation.
Today, local government is not just an administrative necessity—it is the heartbeat of Indian
democracy. It ensures that the voices of ordinary people, from the smallest village to the
largest city, are heard in the governance of the nation.
SECTION-B
3. Explain functions of Municipal Commissioner.
Ans: Functions of a Municipal Commissioner
A Fresh Beginning
Imagine waking up in a city one morning. You open your eyes to clean streets, garbage
neatly collected, water running through the taps, streetlights glowing at night, hospitals
working, and gardens filled with children’s laughter. You enjoy the comfort of roads,
transport, and basic services every day, often without stopping to think: Who is behind all
this?
The mayor may be the political face of the city, but the one who ensures that the machinery
of urban life keeps moving smoothly is the Municipal Commissioner. In a way, he is the
city’s chief executive officer, the invisible manager who turns policies into action.
Let’s now step into his shoes and walk through his world. This will help us understand the
functions of the Municipal Commissioner not as boring bullet points, but as living realities
of how our cities survive and thrive.
Who is the Municipal Commissioner?
The Municipal Commissioner is usually an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer,
appointed by the state government to head the administration of a municipal corporation.
Easy2Siksha.com
While the elected representatives like the mayor and councilors debate and decide policies,
it is the commissioner who ensures that these decisions are implemented effectively.
Think of the Municipal Commissioner as the captain of the ship. The ship belongs to the
people, the route is decided by elected leaders, but steering it safely through storms and
calm waters is the commissioner’s job.
Functions of a Municipal Commissioner
Now let’s unfold the different functions he performs. To make it more engaging, let’s
imagine you are walking through the city with him as he explains what he does.
1. Guardian of Civic Services
The first and foremost duty of the Municipal Commissioner is to provide basic civic services
to citizens.
• Water supply: He ensures that water treatment plants function properly, pipelines
are maintained, and people receive clean drinking water daily.
• Sanitation: He supervises garbage collection, disposal, sewage management, and
cleanliness of streets and drains.
• Street lighting: He makes sure every lane and corner of the city glows with light at
night, reducing crime and accidents.
Without these services, the city would collapse into chaos. As he says, “People may not
know my name, but they surely know my absence if garbage piles up or taps run dry.”
2. Urban Planning and Development
Cities are not static—they grow, expand, and change. The Municipal Commissioner plays a
crucial role in planning and developing infrastructure.
• He oversees the construction and maintenance of roads, flyovers, bridges, parks,
and playgrounds.
• He ensures housing colonies, markets, and transport systems are built keeping in
mind future population growth.
• He checks unauthorized constructions and promotes sustainable urban growth.
In this role, the commissioner is like an architect of the city’s future, balancing
modernization with heritage and environment.
Easy2Siksha.com
3. Health and Sanitation Watchdog
Public health is another area where the commissioner’s functions are vital.
• He runs municipal hospitals, dispensaries, and maternity homes to ensure
affordable healthcare.
• During epidemics or health crises (like dengue, cholera, or even COVID-19), he
organizes emergency measures, vaccination drives, fumigation, and quarantine
centers.
• Food safety inspectors, sanitation officers, and health staff all work under his
supervision.
Here, the commissioner becomes the city’s doctor, diagnosing problems and prescribing
remedies for a healthier community.
4. Revenue Collector and Financial Manager
A city cannot function without money, and raising as well as managing funds is one of the
toughest jobs of the Municipal Commissioner.
• He ensures the collection of property tax, water tax, professional tax, license fees,
and other local taxes.
• He manages municipal budgets, balancing income and expenditure.
• He explores new sources of revenue like public-private partnerships, government
grants, or development projects.
In this role, he is the treasurer of the city, ensuring every rupee collected is wisely spent on
civic welfare.
5. Law and Order Support
Though the police are directly responsible for law and order, the Municipal Commissioner
supports them by maintaining urban discipline.
• He regulates encroachments, hawker zones, traffic management, and licensing of
shops.
• He issues permissions for public gatherings, processions, or fairs within municipal
areas.
• During riots, strikes, or natural disasters, his coordination with police and district
administration is critical.
Here, he becomes the guardian of peace, ensuring the city runs smoothly without
disruptions.
Easy2Siksha.com
6. Disaster Management and Emergency Response
Cities often face crises—floods, fires, building collapses, industrial accidents, or health
emergencies. In such situations, the commissioner takes charge.
• He activates disaster response teams, arranges rescue operations, and provides
immediate relief.
• He ensures fire brigades, ambulances, and emergency shelters are ready.
• He also prepares long-term measures to prevent such disasters in the future.
This makes him the city’s protector in times of crisis, someone people look up to when
panic spreads.
7. Regulator of Education and Welfare
Many municipal corporations also run primary schools, libraries, adult education centers,
and vocational training institutes. The commissioner ensures these institutions function
efficiently.
• He looks after the welfare of children, women, and weaker sections.
• He supervises schemes for slum development, affordable housing, and public
welfare.
Here, the commissioner plays the role of a mentor, shaping young minds and supporting
marginalized groups.
8. Bridge Between Government and People
The Municipal Commissioner is not only an administrator but also a link between state
government, elected municipal bodies, and citizens.
• He translates state policies into local action.
• He communicates people’s needs and grievances to higher authorities.
• He ensures transparency by publishing reports, conducting public consultations, and
running grievance redressal systems.
This makes him the voice of the people within the government machinery.
Challenges in His Work
Easy2Siksha.com
While his responsibilities sound impressive, the Municipal Commissioner’s job is not without
challenges:
• Limited funds vs. unlimited demands of citizens.
• Political pressures from elected representatives who may disagree with his
decisions.
• Rapid urbanization, leading to problems like slums, pollution, traffic jams, and
unemployment.
• Emergencies like pandemics or floods that suddenly demand all resources.
Yet, the effectiveness of a commissioner is judged by how calmly and creatively he handles
these pressures.
A Day in His Life (A Humanized Glimpse)
To understand the magnitude of his work, imagine a day in the Municipal Commissioner’s
life:
• Morning begins with reports from health and sanitation officers about waste
disposal.
• By afternoon, he is reviewing tenders for road construction, while also attending a
meeting with the mayor.
• A sudden phone call reports waterlogging due to heavy rains—he immediately
rushes to coordinate relief teams.
• In the evening, he attends a public grievance hearing, listening patiently to citizens
complaining about streetlights or drainage.
• By night, while most of the city sleeps, he is still on calls with engineers and doctors,
planning how to tackle the next challenge.
It’s a life of constant responsibility, where one person’s efficiency decides the comfort of
millions.
Conclusion
The Municipal Commissioner is not just a bureaucrat; he is the backbone of city
administration. His functions cover every aspect of urban life—from roads to schools, from
water supply to disaster relief, from collecting taxes to ensuring public health. He works
quietly, often without recognition, but his impact is felt by every citizen daily.
If the city were a living body, the elected mayor and council would be its brain, but the
Municipal Commissioner would be its heartbeat, ensuring that every organ gets the support
it needs to function. Without him, the city would collapse into confusion.
Easy2Siksha.com
Thus, understanding his functions is not just about memorizing duties but about
appreciating the tireless effort of one individual who shoulders the dreams, struggles, and
lives of an entire city.
4. What are the main features of Urban Local Government?
Ans: Meaning of Urban Local Government
Urban Local Government refers to the system of self-government in towns and cities. It is
the third tier of democracy (after Union and State governments), created to manage the
unique problems of urban life—sanitation, housing, transport, health, and civic amenities.
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 gave urban local bodies constitutional
status, making them an essential part of India’s democratic framework.
Main Features of Urban Local Government
1. Constitutional Recognition
• Before 1992, municipalities existed but were weak and dependent on state
governments.
• The 74th Amendment gave them constitutional backing, ensuring their continuity
and importance.
• Urban local bodies are now recognized as institutions of self-government under Part
IXA of the Constitution.
2. Three Types of Urban Local Bodies
Depending on the size and population of an urban area, three types of bodies exist:
• Nagar Panchayat: For areas in transition from rural to urban.
• Municipal Council (Municipality): For smaller towns and medium-sized cities.
• Municipal Corporation: For large cities with big populations and complex problems.
This classification ensures that governance is tailored to the scale of the city.
3. Democratic Structure
• Members of urban local bodies are directly elected by the people of the city or
town.
• Elections are held every five years.
• Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women (at least
one-third) to ensure inclusivity.
• The head of a municipality is called a Chairperson/President, while in a corporation
it is the Mayor.
Easy2Siksha.com
This democratic structure ensures that citizens have a direct say in how their city is run.
4. Ward Committees and Local Participation
• Cities are divided into wards, each represented by an elected councillor.
• In larger cities, Ward Committees are formed to bring governance closer to the
people.
• This system ensures that even the smallest neighborhood has a voice in decision-
making.
5. Functions of Urban Local Government
Urban local bodies perform a wide range of functions, broadly divided into obligatory and
discretionary:
• Obligatory Functions:
o Water supply
o Sanitation and waste management
o Street lighting and roads
o Birth and death registration
o Public health and hospitals
o Primary education
• Discretionary Functions:
o Parks, gardens, and libraries
o Cultural and recreational activities
o Housing schemes
o Urban planning and beautification
In short, they handle everything that makes city life livable.
6. Financial Powers
• Urban local bodies raise money through taxes (property tax, professional tax,
entertainment tax, etc.).
• They also receive grants-in-aid from state and central governments.
• The State Finance Commission, set up every five years, recommends how funds
should be shared between the state and local bodies.
This financial independence is crucial for effective functioning, though in practice, many
municipalities still struggle with lack of funds.
7. State Control and Supervision
• While urban local bodies are autonomous, they function under the overall control of
the State Government.
• The state can dissolve a municipality if it fails to perform, though fresh elections
must be held within six months.
• This balance ensures accountability but sometimes limits true independence.
Easy2Siksha.com
8. Metropolitan Planning Committees
• For big metropolitan areas (with populations over 10 lakh), Metropolitan Planning
Committees are formed.
• They prepare development plans for the entire metropolitan region, coordinating
between multiple municipalities.
• This is vital for cities like Delhi, Mumbai, or Bengaluru, where urban problems cross
municipal boundaries.
9. District Planning Committees
• In districts that include both rural and urban areas, District Planning Committees
integrate plans from Panchayats and Municipalities.
• This ensures balanced development across rural and urban spaces.
10. Reservation and Inclusivity
• The 74th Amendment made it mandatory to reserve seats for SCs, STs, and women.
• Many states have extended this to Other Backward Classes (OBCs) as well.
• This has brought marginalized groups and women into the mainstream of urban
governance, giving them a voice in shaping cities.
11. Tenure and Stability
• Every urban local body has a fixed five-year term.
• If dissolved earlier, elections must be held within six months.
• This ensures continuity and stability in governance.
12. Integration with Planning and Development
• Urban local bodies are not just about drains and garbage—they are also about urban
planning, housing, transport, and economic development.
• They prepare development plans, regulate land use, and promote industries and
trade.
Importance of Urban Local Government
• Democratic Decentralization: Brings power closer to the people.
• Efficiency: Local problems are solved locally, without waiting for state or central
intervention.
• Accountability: Elected councillors are directly answerable to citizens.
• Inclusivity: Reservations ensure participation of women and marginalized groups.
• Urban Development: Helps manage the rapid growth of cities, balancing
infrastructure with population needs.
Story Analogy
Easy2Siksha.com
Think of a city as a giant machine. The Union Government is like the engine, the State
Government is like the gearbox, but the Urban Local Government is the set of wheels that
actually touch the ground. Without the wheels, the machine cannot move, no matter how
powerful the engine is.
Conclusion
The main features of Urban Local Government—constitutional recognition, democratic
elections, ward committees, financial powers, inclusivity, and planning responsibilities—
make it the backbone of urban democracy in India.
It is through municipalities and corporations that democracy becomes visible in everyday
life: when garbage is collected, when a park is built, when a streetlight is repaired. The 74th
Amendment ensured that these institutions are not temporary experiments but permanent
pillars of governance.
In the end, Urban Local Government is not just about administration—it is about giving
citizens the power to shape the cities they live in. It is the bridge between the dreams of a
modern India and the daily realities of urban life.
SECTION-C
5. Examine the main features of Panchayati Raj System in Punjab.
Ans: The Main Features of the Panchayati Raj System in Punjab
A Different Beginning: A Walk into a Punjabi Village
Imagine it’s a bright morning in a Punjabi village. The sun is rising over golden fields of
wheat, the sound of tractors hums in the distance, and children are rushing off to school. In
the middle of the village stands a building with a simple board: “Gram Panchayat Office.”
This building is not just bricks and mortar—it is the heart of local democracy. Decisions
about clean drinking water, building roads, repairing schools, organizing fairs, and even
solving disputes often start here. When villagers have a problem, they don’t always rush to
the state government in Chandigarh or the Parliament in Delhi. Instead, they gather here,
where their own elected representatives listen, debate, and decide.
This is what we call Panchayati Raj—a system where power flows from the bottom (villages)
upward, rather than from the top downward. Punjab, with its strong village culture, is one
of the states where this system has deep roots.
Easy2Siksha.com
The Idea Behind Panchayati Raj
Before we explore the features in detail, let’s pause for a moment. What exactly is
Panchayati Raj?
The term “Panchayat” comes from panch, meaning five, because traditionally, Indian
villages were governed by councils of five respected elders. These councils were informal
but powerful—they resolved disputes, managed resources, and ensured harmony.
After Independence, India wanted to modernize this old tradition into a democratic system
of local self-government. The goal was simple but revolutionary:
• Let the people of the village govern themselves.
• Bring administration closer to the common man.
• Strengthen democracy at the grassroots.
Punjab, being a land of villages, naturally embraced this idea. Today, the Panchayati Raj
System in Punjab functions as a three-tier structure, designed to involve people at every
level of governance.
The Three-Tier Structure in Punjab
Like many states, Punjab follows a three-tier Panchayati Raj system, which ensures that
power and responsibility are shared at different levels:
1. Gram Panchayat (Village Level)
2. Panchayat Samiti (Block Level)
3. Zila Parishad (District Level)
Let’s walk through each of these, step by step.
1. Gram Panchayat – The Soul of Village Governance
At the foundation lies the Gram Panchayat, which operates at the village level. If you think
of Panchayati Raj as a tree, then the Gram Panchayat is its roots.
• Composition: Members of the Gram Panchayat are directly elected by the villagers,
usually once every five years. The head is known as the Sarpanch, while other
members are called Panches. Together, they represent the voice of the people.
• Functions:
The Gram Panchayat takes care of day-to-day needs like:
o Providing clean drinking water.
o Maintaining village roads and sanitation.
o Managing local schools and health centers.
Easy2Siksha.com
o Keeping records of births, deaths, and marriages.
o Implementing government schemes like MGNREGA (employment guarantee).
• Gram Sabha: All adult villagers are part of the Gram Sabha, which meets at least
twice a year. This is direct democracy in action—villagers can question the Sarpanch,
approve plans, and even suggest new projects.
In Punjab, the Gram Panchayat reflects the cooperative spirit of village life, where people
solve their problems together.
2. Panchayat Samiti – The Middle Link
Above the village level comes the Panchayat Samiti, which functions at the block or tehsil
level.
• Composition: Members are elected representatives from all the villages in the block.
MLAs, MPs, and officials may also be part of it. The head is called the Chairperson.
• Functions:
The Panchayat Samiti coordinates between several Gram Panchayats. Its tasks
include:
o Planning and supervising developmental works across villages.
o Promoting agriculture, irrigation, and cooperative societies.
o Overseeing secondary schools and health services in the block.
o Helping weaker sections of society through welfare programs.
Think of it like this: if the Gram Panchayat is a local clinic, the Panchayat Samiti is the district
hospital—it has a wider reach and more resources.
3. Zila Parishad – The District Leader
At the top of the ladder sits the Zila Parishad, the governing body at the district level.
• Composition: It includes representatives from Panchayat Samitis, Members of
Parliament (MPs), Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs), and other officials. The
head is the Zila Parishad Chairperson.
• Functions:
The Zila Parishad acts like a bridge between state government and villages. It looks
after:
o Planning district-wide projects such as big roads, hospitals, and irrigation
systems.
o Supervising all Panchayat Samitis.
o Implementing schemes related to poverty alleviation, women empowerment,
and rural development.
o Coordinating with government departments for funds and resources.
Easy2Siksha.com
Thus, the Zila Parishad ensures that village development aligns with the overall progress of
Punjab.
Main Features of Panchayati Raj System in Punjab
Now that we understand the structure, let’s highlight the main features that define the
Panchayati Raj System in Punjab:
1. Democratic Nature – Representatives at all three levels (Gram Panchayat, Panchayat
Samiti, Zila Parishad) are elected by the people. This ensures that decisions are made
by the people, for the people.
2. Three-Tier System – It follows the model suggested by the Balwant Rai Mehta
Committee (1957), ensuring decentralization of power across village, block, and
district levels.
3. Direct Participation of People – Through Gram Sabha meetings, villagers can directly
voice their concerns and participate in decision-making. This brings democracy to the
doorstep of common citizens.
4. Reservation of Seats – Punjab ensures representation for Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes, and women in Panchayats. This promotes social justice and
inclusivity.
5. Financial Powers – Panchayats are allowed to collect certain local taxes and fees
(like on markets, fairs, or sanitation). They also receive funds from the state
government and central government schemes.
6. Administrative Functions – Panchayati Raj bodies maintain essential services such as
sanitation, drinking water, education, healthcare, and rural infrastructure.
7. Judicial Role (Nyaya Panchayats) – In some areas, Gram Panchayats also act as small
courts for settling minor disputes, reducing the burden on formal courts.
8. Decentralized Planning – Development plans are made at the village level,
consolidated at the block, and finalized at the district level. This ensures local needs
are prioritized.
9. Term of Office – Elections are held every five years, giving people the power to
change their representatives if they fail to perform.
10. Close Link with Rural Life – Panchayati Raj in Punjab is not just a political system—it
is woven into the daily life of villages, reflecting community values, cooperation, and
responsibility.
Strengths of Panchayati Raj in Punjab
• Brings government closer to the people.
• Encourages participation of marginalized groups.
• Promotes faster rural development.
• Reduces the burden on state and central governments by solving local problems
locally.
Easy2Siksha.com
Challenges in Punjab’s Panchayati Raj
Of course, no system is perfect. Punjab’s Panchayati Raj also faces challenges:
• Dominance of powerful groups – Sometimes, wealthy landlords or influential
families control the Panchayats.
• Corruption and misuse of funds – Transparency is still a concern.
• Lack of awareness – Many villagers don’t fully know their rights or the functioning of
Panchayati Raj.
• Dependence on state government – Panchayats often lack independent funds and
depend heavily on government grants.
Why It Still Matters
Despite these challenges, Panchayati Raj remains one of the most beautiful aspects of
Indian democracy. In Punjab, where nearly two-thirds of the population still lives in villages,
it is a lifeline. It makes villagers feel empowered because they know their voice matters, and
they don’t have to wait for distant officials to solve their immediate problems.
Conclusion: Democracy in Action
If we return to our morning walk in the Punjabi village, the picture becomes clearer. That
humble Gram Panchayat Office is not just an office—it is a symbol of India’s belief in
democracy. It shows that governance is not something that happens far away in Delhi or
Chandigarh; it happens right here, among the people.
The Panchayati Raj System in Punjab is not perfect, but it is alive. It carries forward the old
tradition of village self-rule while adapting to modern democratic values. It gives every
villager—be it a farmer, a laborer, a woman, or a Dalit—the chance to participate in shaping
their future.
In short, it is the true heartbeat of rural Punjab’s democracy, where every decision, no
matter how small, is a step toward empowerment and progress.
6. Write a detailed note on Panchayat Samitis. Explain its structure and functions.
Ans: Origin and Place in the Panchayati Raj System
• After independence, India wanted democracy not just in Delhi or state capitals but
also in villages.
Easy2Siksha.com
• The Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957) recommended a three-tier system:
1. Gram Panchayat at the village level.
2. Panchayat Samiti at the block (intermediate) level.
3. Zila Parishad at the district level.
• The Panchayat Samiti was designed to handle issues that are too large for one
village but too small for the whole district.
Think of it as the “big brother” of the Gram Panchayat—helping coordinate, plan, and
implement development for a group of villages.
Structure of Panchayat Samiti
The structure of a Panchayat Samiti is carefully designed to ensure representation,
inclusivity, and efficiency.
1. Composition
• Elected Members: Representatives are elected directly by the people of the block.
• Ex-officio Members: Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) and Members of
Parliament (MPs) from that area are also part of it.
• Chairpersons of Gram Panchayats: Heads of Gram Panchayats within the block are
included.
• Reserved Seats: As per the 73rd Amendment, seats are reserved for Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women (at least one-third).
This ensures that the Panchayat Samiti reflects the diversity of rural society.
2. Leadership
• The head of the Panchayat Samiti is called the Chairperson (sometimes Pradhan or
President).
• There is also a Vice-Chairperson to assist.
• The Chairperson presides over meetings and guides the overall functioning.
3. Executive Machinery
• The Block Development Officer (BDO) is the key executive officer.
• The BDO and other officials (engineers, health officers, agriculture officers) help
implement the decisions of the Panchayat Samiti.
• Thus, elected representatives make policies, and officials execute them.
Functions of Panchayat Samiti
The Panchayat Samiti has a wide range of functions, covering almost every aspect of rural
life. These can be grouped into developmental, administrative, and welfare functions.
1. Agricultural Development
Easy2Siksha.com
• Promotes better farming techniques, irrigation, and soil conservation.
• Distributes seeds, fertilizers, and modern equipment.
• Runs demonstration farms to teach new methods.
2. Irrigation and Water Supply
• Builds and maintains minor irrigation projects like canals, wells, and tanks.
• Ensures drinking water supply in villages.
3. Education
• Manages primary and middle schools in the block.
• Promotes adult education and literacy campaigns.
• Provides scholarships and mid-day meals.
4. Health and Sanitation
• Runs primary health centers and maternity centers.
• Organizes vaccination drives and family welfare programs.
• Ensures sanitation, drainage, and waste disposal.
5. Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation
• Implements government schemes like MGNREGA (employment guarantee), rural
housing, and self-employment programs.
• Encourages formation of self-help groups and cooperatives.
6. Infrastructure Development
• Builds and maintains rural roads, bridges, and markets.
• Provides street lighting and community halls.
7. Social Welfare
• Looks after welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, and children.
• Runs nutrition programs, old-age pensions, and welfare schemes.
8. Coordination Role
• Coordinates the work of Gram Panchayats under its jurisdiction.
• Acts as a link between Gram Panchayats and the Zila Parishad.
Importance of Panchayat Samiti
• Bridge Between Village and District: It ensures that local needs are addressed while
aligning with district-level plans.
• Democratic Participation: People elect their representatives, ensuring
accountability.
Easy2Siksha.com
• Inclusive Development: Reservation ensures marginalized groups and women have a
voice.
• Efficient Implementation: With officials like the BDO, it combines political will with
administrative machinery.
Story Analogy
Think of rural development as a ladder.
• The Gram Panchayat is the first step—closest to the people.
• The Zila Parishad is the top step—overseeing the whole district.
• The Panchayat Samiti is the middle step—without it, you cannot climb smoothly
from the bottom to the top.
It ensures that the voices of villages are heard at the district level and that government
schemes actually reach the grassroots.
Conclusion
The Panchayat Samiti is the heartbeat of rural governance at the block level.
• Structure: It includes elected representatives, ex-officio members, and officials, led
by a Chairperson and supported by the BDO.
• Functions: It looks after agriculture, irrigation, education, health, infrastructure,
welfare, and coordination.
• Role: It bridges the gap between Gram Panchayats and Zila Parishads, ensuring that
democracy and development flow smoothly from the village to the district.
In the end, the Panchayat Samiti is not just an administrative body—it is a symbol of India’s
commitment to grassroots democracy. It shows that governance is not only about
parliaments and assemblies but also about the everyday lives of villagers, their roads, their
schools, their health, and their dignity.
SECTION-D
7. Evaluate the State Control over Panchayati Raj Institution and Urban Local Government.
Ans: State Control over Panchayati Raj Institution and Urban Local Government
Imagine a village somewhere in India, where people gather under a banyan tree to discuss
their local issues—whether it’s repairing the village road, improving water supply, or
planning the next school festival. Similarly, picture a bustling town where councilors sit in a
municipal hall, debating over traffic problems, sanitation, and street lighting.
Easy2Siksha.com
These two pictures—of a village and of a town—capture the essence of Panchayati Raj
Institutions (PRIs) in rural areas and Urban Local Governments (ULGs) in cities. Both are
systems designed to give ordinary citizens a say in how their communities are run. But
here’s the twist: even though these bodies are called local self-governments, they do not
enjoy absolute freedom. They function under the watchful eye and control of the State
Government.
To really understand this relationship, let’s walk through the story of how state control
developed, how it operates, and what impact it has on local governance.
Why State Control Exists in the First Place
Before independence, India’s local governments were weak and often symbolic. After
independence, when the Constitution was framed, the leaders dreamed of strengthening
democracy at the grassroots. That dream later took shape in the 73rd and 74th
Constitutional Amendments (1992–93), which gave constitutional recognition to Panchayati
Raj Institutions in villages and Urban Local Bodies in towns and cities.
But democracy at the grassroots also raised a question: If local bodies are given power, what
if they misuse it? Who will ensure accountability? The answer was state control. The state
governments were entrusted with supervising, guiding, and sometimes even overruling local
governments.
So, while local governments are meant to function independently in their spheres, they are
not completely autonomous. Think of them like college students living in a hostel—they are
free to manage their daily lives, but the warden (here, the State Government) always has
the final say.
Forms of State Control Over Panchayati Raj Institutions
Let’s first look at Panchayati Raj Institutions, which exist in rural areas at three levels—
Gram Panchayat (village), Panchayat Samiti (block), and Zila Parishad (district). The State
Government exercises its control over these bodies in many ways:
1. Legislative Control
o The powers and functions of Panchayats are not inherent; they are given by
State Legislatures.
o States decide how elections will be conducted, how funds will be allocated,
and what subjects Panchayats can handle (from the 29 subjects listed in the
Eleventh Schedule).
o This means a Panchayat can only do what the State permits it to do.
2. Financial Control
Easy2Siksha.com
o Panchayats depend heavily on state funds and grants-in-aid. Though they can
collect taxes on markets, fairs, or houses, the bulk of their money comes
from the state.
o The State decides how much to give, when to give, and often even how to
spend it. This financial dependency makes Panchayats more like children
waiting for pocket money from parents.
3. Administrative Control
o State governments appoint bureaucrats (like Block Development Officers,
District Collectors) who supervise Panchayats.
o Even though Panchayats are elected bodies, many of their key decisions
require approval or clearance from state officials.
4. Judicial Control
o If there is a dispute about Panchayat elections, disqualification of members,
or misuse of power, it is usually resolved under laws framed by the state.
o State courts or tribunals often become the final authority.
In short, while the Panchayats are called “institutions of self-government,” they are under
significant state regulation at every step.
Forms of State Control Over Urban Local Governments
Now let’s shift to towns and cities. Urban Local Governments include Municipal
Corporations (for large cities), Municipal Councils (for smaller towns), and Nagar Panchayats
(for transitional areas). Here too, state control is visible:
1. Structural Control
o The State decides how many wards there will be in a city, how elections are
to be conducted, and who can stand for elections.
o The State can even dissolve a municipal body before its term if it feels the
body has failed to perform.
2. Functional Control
o Municipalities handle urban planning, sanitation, water supply, and waste
management, but their functions are defined by state laws.
o In many cases, important services like electricity, police, or transport remain
directly under the State, not the municipality.
3. Financial Control
o Just like Panchayats, municipalities face financial dependency. They can raise
property tax or user charges, but large developmental projects rely on state
(and sometimes central) grants.
o Loans taken by municipalities often need state approval.
4. Supervision and Audit
o State Governments have the right to audit municipal accounts and check
whether funds are being used properly.
o The Commissioner, often a senior officer appointed by the State, enjoys
greater power than the elected Mayor in many states.
Easy2Siksha.com
Thus, while a Mayor may be the political head, real administrative control often lies in the
hands of state-appointed officers.
The Positive Side of State Control
At this point, one may think: Isn’t this too much interference? But state control is not always
negative. It has some strong justifications:
• Uniformity and Standards: State control ensures that all local bodies maintain
minimum standards of governance. Without it, there could be chaos or uneven
development.
• Accountability: Local leaders may lack experience or be driven by narrow local
interests. State supervision prevents misuse of funds or corruption.
• Support and Guidance: State governments often provide technical, financial, and
administrative support that local bodies cannot manage on their own.
• Coordination: Issues like roads, environment, or health cannot always be solved by
one village or city alone. State control ensures coordination between different local
units.
The Negative Side of State Control
Yet, the story doesn’t end here. State control also has its darker side:
• Erosion of Autonomy: Too much interference kills the spirit of local self-government.
If every decision needs approval, why elect local representatives in the first place?
• Bureaucratic Dominance: State-appointed officers often dominate elected
representatives, leading to clashes and frustration.
• Political Manipulation: Sometimes ruling parties in the state use their control to
weaken local bodies run by opposition parties.
• Financial Dependence: Without financial independence, local governments remain
handicapped and cannot plan according to local needs.
A Balancing Act
So, how do we evaluate state control? It is like balancing on a rope. On one side, too much
autonomy can lead to inefficiency, corruption, or localism. On the other, too much control
can suffocate democracy at the grassroots.
The ideal approach is “controlled autonomy”—local governments should be empowered to
make decisions on day-to-day matters, but the State should act as a guide and watchdog,
not as a master.
Easy2Siksha.com
Conclusion
The Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Governments are the beating heart of
Indian democracy. They bring governance closer to the people, allow participation of
marginalized voices, and ensure that development is not just a top-down affair. But these
bodies function in the shadow of state control—a control that can either support them or
stifle them.
The challenge, therefore, is not to eliminate state control altogether, but to refine it—so
that the State plays the role of a mentor rather than a controller. When this balance is
achieved, India’s local governments can truly become schools of democracy, where every
citizen learns the meaning of participation, responsibility, and freedom.
8. Explain the relation of Local Government Institution with District Administration.
Ans: Local Government Institutions: The Grassroots of Democracy
• Definition: Local Government Institutions (LGIs) are the third tier of government in
India, created to bring governance closer to the people.
• Types:
o Rural: Panchayati Raj Institutions (Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila
Parishad).
o Urban: Municipalities, Municipal Corporations, Nagar Panchayats.
• Role: They handle local issues—roads, water, sanitation, schools, health centers,
street lighting, and welfare schemes.
• Constitutional Backing: The 73rd and 74th Amendments (1992) gave them
constitutional status, ensuring elections, reservations, and financial powers.
In short, LGIs are the “people’s government,” directly accountable to citizens at the
grassroots.
District Administration: The Backbone of Governance
• Definition: District Administration refers to the administrative machinery headed by
the District Collector or District Magistrate (DM), who represents the State
Government in the district.
• Functions:
o Law and order.
o Revenue collection and land records.
o Implementation of government schemes.
o Coordination of development programs.
• Officials: The DM is supported by officers like the Superintendent of Police, Chief
Medical Officer, District Education Officer, and Block Development Officers.
Easy2Siksha.com
The District Administration is the “steel frame” of governance, ensuring that state and
central policies are carried out effectively.
The Relationship Between Local Government Institutions and District Administration
Now comes the heart of the question: how do these two systems—one democratic, the
other bureaucratic—work together?
1. Complementary Roles
• LGIs represent the voice of the people.
• District Administration represents the authority of the state.
• Together, they ensure that policies are both people-oriented and efficiently
implemented.
Example: If a new health scheme is launched, the District Administration provides doctors,
medicines, and funds, while the Panchayats mobilize villagers, identify beneficiaries, and
monitor delivery.
2. Planning and Development
• District Planning Committees (DPCs): As per the Constitution, DPCs integrate plans
from Panchayats and Municipalities with district-level plans.
• The District Collector often chairs or supervises these committees.
• This ensures that local needs (like a village road) are aligned with district priorities
(like a highway).
3. Implementation of Schemes
• Local Governments: Identify beneficiaries, mobilize community, and monitor works.
• District Administration: Provides technical expertise, funds, and supervision.
• Example: In MGNREGA (employment guarantee scheme), Gram Panchayats register
workers and plan projects, while the District Administration ensures funds flow and
audits are done.
4. Financial Relations
• LGIs depend on grants from state and central governments, which are routed
through the District Administration.
• The District Collector ensures proper utilization of funds and prevents misuse.
• State Finance Commissions recommend how resources are shared, but the district
machinery ensures accountability.
5. Law and Order vs. Local Autonomy
• The DM is responsible for law and order. If a Panchayat decision threatens peace
(say, a land dispute), the DM can intervene.
• At the same time, Panchayats enjoy autonomy in local matters.
Easy2Siksha.com
• This balance ensures that democracy does not descend into disorder.
6. Capacity Building and Guidance
• District officials train Panchayat members, especially women and marginalized
groups who may be new to governance.
• They provide technical support in areas like engineering, health, and education.
• Thus, the District Administration acts as a mentor, not just a supervisor.
7. Conflict and Coordination
• Sometimes, tensions arise. Elected representatives may feel that bureaucrats
dominate, while officials may complain of political interference.
• Mechanisms like District Development Committees and Gram Sabhas help resolve
these tensions by ensuring dialogue.
Importance of This Relationship
1. Democratic Deepening: Local governments bring people’s voices into governance,
while district officials ensure legality and efficiency.
2. Balanced Development: Local needs are integrated with state and national
priorities.
3. Accountability: Elected leaders are answerable to people; officials are answerable to
the state. Together, they create a double layer of accountability.
4. Efficiency: Bureaucrats provide expertise; local bodies provide legitimacy.
5. Inclusivity: Reservations in Panchayats ensure marginalized groups participate, while
district officials ensure their rights are protected.
Story Analogy
Think of governance as building a house.
• The Local Government Institutions are like the family members who decide what
kind of house they want—how many rooms, what color, what design.
• The District Administration is like the architect and contractor, ensuring the house is
built safely, with proper materials, and within budget.
• Without the family, the house would not reflect people’s needs. Without the
architect, the house might collapse. Together, they create a home that is both safe
and satisfying.
Conclusion
The relationship between Local Government Institutions and District Administration is one
of partnership, balance, and mutual dependence.
• LGIs embody democracy at the grassroots, giving people a direct voice in
governance.
Easy2Siksha.com
• District Administration embodies bureaucratic efficiency and authority, ensuring
law, order, and proper implementation.
• Their interaction is not always smooth—sometimes there is friction—but ultimately,
they complement each other.
In the end, this relationship ensures that governance in India is not a distant concept but a
lived reality. It means that when a villager gets clean drinking water, when a road is
repaired, or when a health camp is organized, it is the combined effort of elected local
bodies and district officials.
This partnership is the true spirit of Indian democracy: government of the people, by the
people, with the guidance of the administration for the people.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
